In the past, hepatic blood flow in cows was invasively characterized to investigate different pat. The CNG farms were characterized by a higher total dry matter intake with a high proportion of concentrate feed, maize silage and forage silage. Overall, the diets used on the ORG farms were very different from those used on the CNG farms, although the difference was not as evident for GRZ.
Samples of feed from the respective farms were analyzed to determine the composition. Exhaustive information about diets was obtained from organic (ORG) and representative conventional grazing (GRZ) and conventional no-grazing (CNG) farms. The present study aimed to analyze the composition of the diets and the nutritional status (focusing on the energy–protein balance of the diets) of dairy cattle reared on organic farms in northern Spain, which are similar to other organic farming systems in temperate regions. However, few studies have considered this problem. more The energy supplied by the high-forage diets used in organic farming may be insufficient to meet the requirements of dairy cattle. The energy supplied by the high-forage diets used in organic farming may be insufficient to meet. Normal RI and PI values were respectively 0.49 ± 0.07 and 0.70 ± 0.15 for the right kidney and 0.53 ± 0.05 and 0.79 ± 0.11 for the left kidney. Doppler evaluation of the kidneys via a transabdominal approach is possible when accessible, but measurements can only be made in the larger vessels at the renal hilum. Nevertheless, the left kidney is rarely accessible by transabdominal ultrasound. In cattle, the right kidney is always visible through a right abdominal window. The aims of the present study were to establish a protocol for renal Doppler US in adult healthy Holstein-Friesian cows and to provide reference values for the renal resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). Ultrasound (US) Doppler evaluation of these indices is a powerful, non-invasive technique for assessing, monitoring and diagnosing renal diseases in humans and other animals (e.g., small animals and horses). more There is a notable lack of reference values for the renal resistive indices in the bovine kidney.
There is a notable lack of reference values for the renal resistive indices in the bovine kidney. This is the first report of the ultrasonographic appearance of the adrenal glands of cows and of the corresponding refer. Its mean length was 3.72 ± 0.95 cm, and mean thickness was 1.36 ± 0.33 cm, in the sagittal section. The left adrenal gland was more difficult to locate due to its more medial position, and to the presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract, so it could not be visualized in most animals (18/25). The right adrenal gland (mean length 3.86 ± 1.39 cm and mean thickness 1.39 ± 0.26 cm) was consistently and mainly located in the 12th intercostal space. The present findings indicate that the right adrenal gland can be easily characterized by transabdominal ultrasound in adult Holstein–Friesian cows, with no apparent influence of age or weight. Adrenal glands can be affected by different pathologies, such as hyperplasia, neoplasia and atrophy (either primary or secondary).
more Ultrasonographic reference values for the adrenal glands of cattle have not been reported to date.
Ultrasonographic reference values for the adrenal glands of cattle have not been reported to date. The study findings indicate that plasma and serum samples appear suitable and interchangeable for the determ. Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Paired plasma and serum samples (n = 20) were acid digested, and the concentrations of As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Mn. Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the influence of type of blood sample (serum or plasma) on essential and toxic element analysis in cattle. Nevertheless, we must take into account that the concentrations of Cu and Se are lower in the serum than in plasma. We demonstrate that both plasma and serum samples are suitable and interchangeable for the determination of most of the essential and toxic elements in blood in cattle. more Simple Summary Knowledge of type of blood sample (serum or plasma) for determination of essential and toxic elements is essential for assessing the health and nutritional status of the animals and the herd. Simple Summary Knowledge of type of blood sample (serum or plasma) for determination of essential.
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